Symbolism In A Christmas Carol Essay Example For Students

Imagery In A Christmas Carol Essay A Christmas Carol, composed by Charles Dickens is a clear account, which adequately utilizes imagery to build up the significant subject of the novel, Mankind is everyones business. Dickens cautious selection of words exhibits his magnificent utilization of this artistic procedure. He starts his utilization of imagery with the books title and helps all the way to the finish of the story. The characters in A Christmas Carol likewise reflect imagery. The primary character, Scrooge, whose name originates from the words screw and gouge, implies unfeeling. Marley, Scrooges perished colleague, speaks to the inner voice of humanity. The three apparitions who visit Scrooge on Christmas Eve represent memory, good cause and the dread of death. By successfully mixing imagery into his characters and different articles inside the novel, Dickens helps his perusers to remember the significance of paying heed to people around them. In the initial Stave of A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens depicts Scrooge as a pressing, twisting, getting a handle on, scratching, grip, greedy old heathen. Miser represents all that hoses the Christmas soul? ravenousness, childishness and an absence of thought for humankind. We will compose a custom article on Symbolism In A Christmas Carol explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Dickens unmistakably shows Scrooges character when two men of their word approach him about a gift to help the poor at Christmas. Penny pincher demands, Its not my business. Its enough for a man to comprehend his own business and not meddle with different people groups. The primary characters Bah! Hoax! mentality is additionally found in his treatment of his one worker, Bob Cratchit. The creator describes Bob Cratchit as mild and delicate, which pointedly differentiates Scrooges sharp attitude and unforgiving treatment of humankind. Dickens utilizes Bob Cratchits character to represent the challenges confronting the lower class in England. Because of the pitiful pay, Bob Cratchit can't bear the cost of the essential clinical treatment for his most youthful child, Tiny Tim. Cratchit is additionally confronted with the truth of giving his child a homeless people burial service in the third fight of the novel. Dickens utilized this image to address and sabotage high society biases, stir perusers to the brutal real factors of neediness and point out the exacting, out of line laws administering those in destitution during the Victorian Era. As the story proceeds, Jacob Marleys apparition visits Scrooge. Through Marleys character, Dickens encourages his utilization of imagery to grow the significant topic in the book. Jacob Marley, a misanthrope much like Scrooge, is enduring the results of his voracious courses in his existence in the wake of death. He appears to Scrooge hung in an overwhelming chain made of cashboxes, keys, latches, records, deeds, and substantial satchels fashioned in steel. Dickens keenly utilizes the chain to speak to Marleys lost qualities while on earth and the wretchedness he should now endure in view of his childishness. Miser discovers that he also wears a chain, a lot bigger and longer than Marleys. Jacob cautions Scrooge that any human who doesn't associate with others during his life must go among them in death. Dickens utilizes Marleys cautioning as an approach to communicate the books significant subject, Mankind is my business. The government assistance was my business; noble cause, leniency, restraint, and consideration were all my business. Marley cautions Scrooge he should alter his way of life or he also will endure a similar destiny. Prior to leaving, Marley tells Scrooge of three additional spirits that will visit him and ideally change his fate. At an assigned time, each soul appears to Scrooge, taking him on an excursion through his hopeless life. The principal apparition, Christmas Past, comes as both a kid and a man with a brilliant, away from of light shooting from the highest point of his head. Dickens utilizes this soul to represent the encounters in a people life that impact who the person in question becomes. The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge from his childhood, as a single kid, ignored by his companions, to where his fianc? Â © rejects him. Beauty sees no future with a man fixated on cash and cautions Scrooge to be upbeat in the existence you have picked. The subsequent phantom shows up as an extraordinary monster wearing a green robe and encompassed by food. The Ghost of Christmas Present speaks to all of botched chances in life to help other people. .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .postImageUrl , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:visited , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:active { border:0!important; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:active , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubb823f1 9d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Withered Arm EssayThis apparition drives Scrooge through the city roads giving him how others observe Christmas. While at the home of his assistant, Bob Cratchit, a little, feeble youngster gets Scrooges consideration. When inquired as to whether the youngster, Tiny Tim, will live, the apparition educates Scrooge that except if things change the kid will bite the dust. At the point when Scrooge fights, he is spooky by his previous words, If they would prefer to kick the bucket, they would be advised to do it and reduction the excess populace. As the soul blurs away Scrooge sees two awfully messy youngsters tucked under his robe. Dickens utilizes these youngsters, Ignorance and Want, to promote his subject. They represent the challenges confronting poor people and mankinds commitment to them. The last phantom that shows up powers Scrooge to investigate his future. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is an apparition covered in a profound dark article of clothing, which disguised its head, its face, its structure, and left nothing of it noticeable spare one outstretched hand. This soul represents dread of things to come and of death. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come powers Scrooge to investigate the future at a dead man whose passing goes unmourned by loved ones. Miser additionally comes back to the Cratchit home and watches a burial service being gotten ready for Tiny Tim. As the last scene in the Stave unfurls, Scrooge winds up in a churchyard invade by grass and weeds. Penny pincher is alarmed when he sees his own headstone. He understands he should switch his ways or this will end up being his destiny. In his last words to the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Scrooge vows to transform, I will respect Christmas in my heart and attempt to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, Present, and the Future. The spirits of each of the three will endeavor inside me. I won't shut out the exercises that they instruct. In his novel, A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens is an ace at utilizing imagery to build up his topic. Through his cautious point by point depictions of articles, characters and their moves, Dickens takes his perusers on an emblematic excursion investigating the topic, Mankind is everyones business. A Christmas Carol unmistakably shows how self-serving, obtuse individuals can be changed over into magnanimous, caring citizenry. As Dickens so obviously shows, if a general public is to succeed, the matter of humankind ought not be the duty of only a couple of people, however ought to be everyones concern. So as to improve the world a spot, everybody must play a functioning job in improving the lives around them.

Othello vs Iago

The activities somebody makes all through his/her life designs the sort of individual he/she is, anyway this isn't generally the situation. At last it was Othello who was in charge of his own conduct however he was profoundly affected. In spite of the way that Iago had completed the deed of slaughtering Roderigo, he was more in charge of the others contemplations than activities. Together, Iago and Othello were on a very basic level accountable for their lives however feeble to their contemplations and actions.Nonetheless just one can be the most answerable for the unfortunate occasions that happen in this play. Weaknesses powerfully affect the human psyche, and that is exactly what befallen Othello, he surrendered to his uncertainties. Being an alternate race and a general could be supposed to be uncommon in the timespan that this play occurred which may have prompted why Othello was responding so unreasonably. He permitted his psyche to pull pranks on him by locking on to any indiv idual who had given grace to him during an unpleasant occasion which prompted his lethal blemish: Pride.Though he cherished Desdemona with his entire existence, his pride appeared to be more significant. He would not tune in to his significant other as a result of the newly discovered spoiled image of her which intended to him to dispose of the one thing that would demolish his picture of himself. At long last activities expressed stronger than words and he surrendered to the deadly ways that back had planted in his mind. With an extraordinary personalities comes incredible obligations, duties Iago appeared to overlook by permitting his desire to take over.Honest Iago really was straightforward be that as it may, he was additionally amazingly cunning. He realized how to curve the contemplations of the individuals around him transforming them into his little manikins so as to keep his hands clean. An exceptionally successful instigator which prompted the passings of the considerable number of characters who kicked the bucket by controlling the individuals around him. at the point when everything is said and done, it was Iago who truly Influenced the activities preformed by Othello.

Pepsi and Cola competitive advantages

Pepsi and Cola competitive advantages Competitive Strategies for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Companies Home›Marketing Posts›Competitive Strategies for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo Companies Marketing PostsCoca-Cola Market AnalysisFor a company to be successful it must be competition oriented. A good competition strategy should focus on the weaknesses of the competitor but avoiding the strengths. The company then launches attacks against the weak points of the competitor. This would enable one company to gain a competitive advantage against the other companies. Differentiation, differentiation focus, cost focus and cost leadership are some strategies put forward (Michael,2006). Such strategies can be adopted by a company to gain favor in the market. For example Coca-Cola and Pepsi, two similar companies competing for the same market can employ these strategies to outdo each other.Differentiation is a marketing strategy where a company produces goods that are different from those offered by other companies. Coca-Cola for instance may decide to produce products different from those of Pepsi by simple modification of the ingredients. Coca-cola can increase the quality of its products and therefore can charge slightly higher prices.  This would make it stand a high chance of winning the consumer’s confidence. The high premium charged covers the additional cost of production (Porter, 2006).In the differentiated focus, the company seeks to produce different products just within a narrow market section. This strategy is best for competitors who offer products targeting a broader group of customers with different tastes and preferences. The company like PepsiCo would look for special needs of the consumers. Nice packaging and different labeling for instance in a given part of the market would allow PepsiCo to sell more than Coca-Cola in that section of the market.With cost leadership strategy, the main aim is for the company to produce its products at the lowest cost. By PepsiCo trying to minimize the cost of pr oduction, it can sell at low price in the market. As long as the achieved selling price can be equal or close to the market price, PepsiCo would enjoy more profit due to economies of scale.

Social Justice Towards War Veterans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Justice Essay Veterans Essay Did you like this example? Mental health is a major health problem that military community faces. Beyond physical injuries, veterans tend to be affected by all kinds of mental disorders such as psychological and psychiatric. As a result, those traumatic disorders turned these people with brain damage such as disorder post-traumatic stress, depression, addictions to alcohol and drugs and in the worst cases in suicides when they returning to their previous lives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Justice Towards War Veterans" essay for you Create order It is very difficult for many veterans to live a normal life after they return to the country, thats why helping men and women who have served to the country is one of the most important priorities of the Government. Veterans experience higher rates of mental health concerns than nonveterans. Suicide risk is almost four times higher in the veteran population than in nonveterans. A major issue affecting mental health outcomes faced by transitioning veterans is community reintegration. In military populations that have been studied since the deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan, it has been observed that members of the military return to their homes are less likely to attend health appointments for mental health needs compared to physical health needs. A significant group of individual that abandons military service is diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. A special edition of Healthcare presents original articles that explore a variety of topics related to the relationship between mental health and risk-taking behaviors of veterans engaged in clinical mental health services. One of them was a reported that veterans have a high rate of risk-taking driving above the speed limit, illicit drug use, and negative alterations in mood and behaviors. Also, examined the associations between anger, aggression. Both anger and aggression were observed to be more prevalent in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Veterans who were arrested but before being found guilty were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder were more likely to be referred for treatment, than those whose diagnosis was made after being found guilty. This research could have important implications for those veterans involved in the judicial system who are also experiencing mental health difficulties. The reason for this research was carried out to review a variety of different treatments to demonstrate the effectiveness, or not, of the current support for veterans with PTSD. As a negative result of these support programs for veterans with PTSD, they only focus only on reducing the symptoms of PTSD, however, they do not offer support for incorporation into society. (Understanding the Needs of Veterans with PTSD, 2018) The suicide crisis among soldiers and veterans of the United States Armed Forces in 2012 had surpassed the total of those killed in the battle, an average of 22 to day-about 8000 a year. The nations military troops are taking their lives at record numbers. Some statistics help to understand what happens. Although more than 69% of veterans who kill themselves are over 50 years old, in recent years the suicide rate has risen by 44% for those between 18 and 24 years old. Which points to the possibility that psychiatric drug prescription has side effects including possible addiction, in the increased aggression and suicidal thinking to those who had difficult military domestic violence, child abuse, and sex crimes, as well as self-harm. (THE HIDDEN ENEMY, 2013) Due to the barriers that service members and their families faced to the care of mental health treatment, in 2014 positive changes was made as a prevention and intervention strategies for veterans by the Department of Defense. The concern was regarding mental health access associated with seeking assistance for mental and behavioral health care. Therefore, the American Nurses Association partnered with First Lady Michelle Obamas Joining Forces campaign. The objective is dedicated to calling attention to and addressing critical issues facing veterans and military families. Despite positive changes in prevention and intervention strategies, there are barriers such as personal, social and economic, that interfere in the care of mental health treatment for service members and their families. To mention some example; some are not prepared to talk about traumatic events, fear of prejudice and discrimination, or even believe that problems will disappear over time. Transportation problems or financial resources issues. Concerns about command assess to mental health records and security clearance policy. Another method that has been implemented to abolish these special social barriers is that military leaders for their members in service have set the responsible to sends the message that seeking treatment when necessary is good. (The Journal for Nurse Practitioners Continuing Education Credit Application, 2014) Following these are the new programs instituted in all services for veterans to improve functional performance that has been effective. The US Army has committed an organization by guiding military, community leaders, as well as peers, to identify high-risk behaviors and to call on to assist with primary prevention of behavioral health problems. At the same time encourage individuals the use of mental health services when they experience trouble coping with stress caused by separation, deployments, financial pressures, and other work or relationship issues. Army leadership established a Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness program. A similar program has been created by the US Air Force called the Comprehensive Airman Fitness program. Also, the Navy establishes the Combat and Operational Stress Control program. All these programs were created with the same objective, putt mental fitness on the same level as physical fitness to promote positive behaviors in caring, committing, conn ecting, and communicating. Meanwhile, the Marines have instituted caring for friends. This program focuses on the reduction of substance abuse to promote connections with others, for the mental health needs of their members in services. (The Journal for Nurse Practitioners Continuing Education Credit Application, 2014) Brain injuries can be extremely serious. This problem is not only directly related to veterans in the war, but also to immediate family members. Family support greatly influences on veterans to face new struggle. It is very important to have a lot of affection, and patience because sadness and anger is part of the process of adaptation to a new beginning of life to them. Years to decades can pass before a service member seeks professional help for psychological problems. That why it is important to emphasize that to obtain better results it is not enough with the efforts of the campaigns of the support programs that have been very effective in the last years by the Department of Defense. It is also very important the support of family and friends motivating them to recruit to these programs to all those who present symptoms of insomnia, nightmares, restlessness; abuse of the use of alcohol or drug, depression, insomnia, everything that leads to a malfunction and integration to the co mmunity and their mental health well-being. The government has made a serious effort to provide adequate programs and services to the veterans of our nation. These programs are very important, help veterans with new strategies to learn to identify and control their anger and frustration. In addition, gives them a hope for a new beginning of civil life and family, and finding support in the community. Therefore, it is everyones job to help our veterans in their process of their social rehabilitation as a community.

Bilbo Baggins; Zero to Hero - 1313 Words

How does one define a â€Å"hero?† By classic definition, a hero is a man of great strength, valor and swordsmanship who fights evil even in the face of insurmountable odds to defend the lives of the innocent and those that can’t protect themselves. Indeed it is these very attributes which separate heroes from the common man. However, the word â€Å"hero† takes an entirely different connotation in J.R.R. Tolkien’s epic tale The Hobbit, in which the hero of the story is a furry-footed, complacent, hole dwelling hobbit named Bilbo Baggins. At first glance, Bilbo is very much the â€Å"un-hero† and more like an everyday average person than a hero. Unlike the classic definition of a hero, Bilbo’s strength is not measured by the might of his sword (though†¦show more content†¦While walking down the tunnel towards the dragon, Bilbo hears the great beast snoring. â€Å"Going on from there was the bravest thing he ever did. The tremendous t hings that happened afterwards were as nothing compared to it. He fought the real battle in the tunnel alone, before he ever saw the vast danger that lay in wait.† (214) It is because of Bilbo’s courage that he is able to conquer the greatest fear of all – the unknown. Bilbo’s willingness to persevere given the choice between certain doom and ending his journey and turning around is what separates Bilbo Baggins from the common man and is what defines him as a true hero. Loyalty is Bilbo’s greatest strength and the linchpin of his heroism. His un-yielding commitment to his friends and staunch sense of selflessness is what elevates Bilbo to a level purely reserved for heroes. This act of heroism is manifested throughout the book. From his rescuing of the dwarves from the savage spiders of Mirkwood, to his aid and abetment in rescuing the dwarves from an eternal imprisonment in the cave of the Wood-Elves, Bilbo remains loyal to his friends. However, Bi lbo’s greatest test of loyalty is his handing over of the Arkenstone to Bard on the eve of â€Å"the Battle of Five Armies.†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Bilbo Baggins s The Hobbit 1616 Words   |  7 PagesBilbo Baggins is one of the main characters of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit. Being a main character in a story, especially an adventure story, typically comes with some pretty hefty responsibilities. More often than not, the main character is also the hero. A hero is defined as â€Å"a person, typically a man, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities,† and these are not necessarily qualities readily attributed to Bilbo Baggins (oxforddictionaries.com). This

GSP Free Essays

Previous report have shown that following an SE, reactive astrocytes become hypertrophic (increasing the expression of intermediate filament proteins), and develop longer and thicker processes (Robel et al., 2015), In this study, astrocytic reaction observed in the GSP or DZP treated CSE is moderate (Plate 4.13. We will write a custom essay sample on GSP or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5b), due to the fairly stabled morphology. This could probably be linked to a reduced excitotoxicity or attenuated ROS by GSP or DZP within the hippocampus attributable to GSP treatment especially. It therefore becomes a suggestive evidence from this study that astrocytic reaction in CSE treated with either GSP or DZP is an adaptive type of astriogliosis (a defensive reaction aiming to restore homeostasis). The functional and morphologic changes astrocytes undergo in the GSP or DZP brain and during CSE may have a dual nature based on the underlying pathophysiological characteristics. On the one hand, reactive astrogliosis can occur as a compensatory mechanism following damage to the nervous system and lead to the reduction in excitability (Vargas-SÃ ¡nchez et al., 2018). In this study, there was intensification of astrocytic proliferative in the CSE + NS at 7th day post CSE. This is in consonant with the findings of Gibbons et al. (2013) that in early stages of SE there is no marked intensification in astrocytic proliferation, while at later stages, there is a rapid increase in the number of astrocytes. Although astrocytes have the capacity to proliferate just after an SE, the reported small number of new cells suggest that in models of SE reactive astrocytes are comprised mainly of the resident astrocytes present before the insult (Gibbons et al., 2013). Conclusion The major consequential effects of CSE is on higher order behaviour, most especially on indices of learning and memory which is mainly controlled by the hippocampus. These effects of CSE stemmed from reduction in percentage body weight gain, attenuation in the relative hippocampal weight to the brain, decreased spatial and object recognition memory. However, memory impairment observed in this study was attributed to alteration in the cholinergic neurotransmitters, increased excitotoxicity, pro-oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance which led to exacerbation of oxidative stress of the hippocampus, hippocampal atrophy and necrosis, astriogliosis, and generation of abnormal granule cells in the hillus of the dentate gyrus, All these dysfunction were significantly attenuated by GSP treatment, the effect that was better tolerated than that of a conventional anticonvulsant drug- DZP. It is therefore concluded that GSP can be used is a better agent in the treatment of CSE due to its attenuation in memory impairment and insignificant adverse effects. Recommendation The principal goal of CSE treatment is the termination of seizure with little or no attendant on-toward side effects. It is evident from this study that apart from the fact that GSP (20 mg/kg or 10mg/kg) attenuated hippocampal excitotoxicity and astriogliosis following CSE, it also posed no significant side effects on the indices of learning and memory. This study therefore recommends further experimental research on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities of GSP. How to cite GSP, Papers

Paris and Menelaus Essay Example

Paris and Menelaus Paper The element that ties the violence and waste of war together in The Iliad is the imagery of fire. Almost every battle scene can be related to the wrath, anger and futility by observing these images. From the vary start of the poem Homer sets this tone with the symbol of fire:  First he went for the mules and circling dogs but then,  launching a piercing shaft at the men themselves,  he cut them down in droves-  and the corpse-fires burned on, night and day, no end in sight. (pg79, p1) In this instance Homer is commenting on the futility and waste of war by showing us the burning corpses after they have been shot with arrows of plague. He suggests, through this passage and many others, that war is not worth the price the Greeks have paid in lives. Once again, as civilization degenerates the imagery of fire grows stronger to represent the primal urges overtaking the solders. The element of fire is not only sown as the humans battle on the planes of troy but, in book twenty one, the gods of fire and water battle as well. During this battle the imagery of fire is most dominant as two immortal gods futilely fight to their death, killing anything that comes between them. Homers symbolic imagery of fire helps to guide the reader and forces them to recognize the futility and horror occurring throughout the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Paris and Menelaus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Paris and Menelaus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Paris and Menelaus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through the descriptive recounting of the horrors and futility of the Trojan War, The Iliad sends messages to the reader critiquing the society in which Homer lived. The most prominent of these messages is that human civilization becomes fragile when dealing with the horrors of war. In the case of The Iliad, Homer shows how one mans anger can be extended to whole peoples and cities to facilitate a war:  Now Paris and Menelaus, Atride loved by Ares,  will fight it out with their rugged spears for Helen,  and Helen and all her treasures go to the man who wins. (pg137 p1) This is the turning point where civilization starts to disappear. In this scene the two men, Paris, Helens captor, and Menelaus, Helens husband, who both love Helen are challenged to fight against each other. The whole concept of civilization is questioned as a campaign is mounted toward a town because its leader stole a Greeks wife. As the story continues, the civilized manor in which the solders once behaved quickly turns to savage impulses. During the first battle scene, beginning in book two, many fighters battle with honour, facing each other and duelling without interference from the rest of the army. As the poem progresses the battle scenes become more gruesome and honour and civility are forgotten. In book eleven Homer compares the armies to two rows of harvesters with sickles, cutting each other down without honour. Throughout the book Homer tells of the fragility of civilization by demonstrating how fast it can completely vanish. Another good criticism Homer makes about the world in which he lives, is that as civilization and order deteriorates, man becomes overpowered by savage animal instincts. As the battle rages on, the soldiers become less and less civilized, and no longer kill out of necessity but out of pleasure. In the first chapter we see Achilles holding back his urge to kill the king, when civilization and honour have not been replaced by instinct. A good example of civilization falling apart and savagery overtaking sanity occurs after Achilles looses his best friend: Ive dragged hector here for the dogs to rip him raw-  and here in front of your flaming pyre Ill cut the throats  of a dozen sons of Troy in all their shining glory,  venting my rage on them for your destruction! (pg560, p1)  Here civilization has crumbled and Achilles does not appear to [rise] from barbarism to an enlightened stage of development to become a civilized person (according to The American Heritage Dictionary). Instead he seems content to satisfy his primal, savage, urges of rage and revenge. Homer does an excellent job of portraying the madness and savagery that develops within the characters as the world around them becomes less and less civilized. It is no coincidence that these messages are still relevant today. Homer felt the role of his poetry was to explain and to justify the evil in human life an evil that still exists today. Helen says that Zeus has set this horrible fate upon us so that we may be the subjects of song for later generations (pg207 p1) and she is right. Homer wished to deliver timeless messages though his oral and written epics so that future generations would be able to learn from the Greeks. To a certain point he has succeeded. Men no longer wage war (only small battles) over women and rage no longer drive armies. There are also many anti-war activists that promote peace and civilized negotiations versus their bloody counterpart. Charles Rowan Beye tells the best reason why The Iliad remains popular among modern audiences in Homer:  In ages that no longer have such bloodshed as part of their daily fare, the poem remains popular because it speaks to the anguished realization of the great nothingness of death that besets the young, by whom nothing yet has been accomplished, and lays to rest the compulsion to perform. (pg8, p2) But many modern war novels still portray horrors that take place during the wars of our century and the savagery of human nature is still in existence. Although Homer and his literature have opened our eyes as to how quickly our civilization can turn to savagery, society must still learn how to control this conversion.  If there where any benefits form fighting a war that lasted over nine years, Homer did not speak of them. He did not tell of economic boosts, political gains or technological advancements. There were no tales of friends bonding during the war, or lovers re-united after it. Instead this epic poem bombarded the senses with death, carnage and killing, pausing only briefly to inform the reader of great tragedy and sadness. Throughout the six hundred page epic, Homer never lets the reader forget the horrors of fighting a futile war or the fragility of human civilization and how quickly it can transform into human savagery. As the poem resounds throughout history and mode rn society, Homers fiery message of the savagery of war has been delivered. All we must do is listen. Bibliography Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles. Penguin Books. 1990.  Muller, Martian. Fighting in the Iliad in The Iliad, George Allen Unwin. 1984.  Beye, Charles Rowan. Homer in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 176: Ancient Greek Authors. The Gale Group. 1997.  Monarch Notes. Works of Homer: Critical Commentary. Marboro Books. 1996